OWASP ASVS 5.0 · MASVS v2.1 · 25 October 2026

Colitu Security Assessment Report

Internal security assessment against OWASP ASVS 5.0 and OWASP MASVS v2.1

Colitu's server side, websites, assistants, bots, browser extension and mobile apps were reviewed one by one against the OWASP standards. There are no open findings of critical, high or medium severity.

Assessment date
25 October 2026
Prepared by
COLITU LIMITED
Security contact
security@colitu.com
Standards applied
OWASP ASVS 5.0 (Level 1–2), OWASP MASVS v2.1, OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications 2025

0At a glance

A summary of the results as of the report date. For the safety of our users, the technical details of open findings are not included in this edition.

Open critical, high and medium findings0
Open low-severity findings4 (fixes for 3 are being rolled out, 1 is a documented risk acceptance)
Informational recommendations19
ASVS 5.0 Level 1–2 requirements253 requirements were assessed individually; of the 200 applicable requirements, 138 are fully met, 51 are partially met, 7 are not met and 4 could not be verified by static review (Appendix A)
MASVS v2.1 (Android and iOS)Cryptography, authentication and code quality fully met; storage, network, platform interaction and privacy largely met
Type of assessmentInternal assessment carried out by Colitu; it is not an independent third-party audit or certification

1Executive summary

The control-plane API, web portal, administration interface, AI-assisted assistants, business (Business) console, support and e-mail channel, community bots, browser extension, and Android and iOS apps that make up the Colitu service were assessed on 25 October 2026 against the OWASP Application Security Verification Standard (ASVS) 5.0 and the OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard (MASVS) v2.1.

The assessment found no open findings of critical, high or medium severity. Of the 23 open findings, 4 are low severity and 19 are informational, and all of them have been added to the remediation plan.

Each of the 253 requirements at ASVS 5.0 Level 1 and Level 2 was assessed individually with evidence (Appendix A). Of the 200 applicable requirements, 138 are fully met and 51 are partially met; 7 requirements are not met and 4 cannot be verified by static review. Most of the requirements that are not met concern documentation, security logging and hardening. On the basis of these results, the service does not claim full compliance with ASVS 5.0 Level 2.

Under MASVS, both mobile platforms fully meet the cryptography, authentication and code quality groups, and largely meet the storage, network, platform interaction and privacy groups.

2Scope

The assessment was carried out on the source code and configuration of the following components as of 25 October 2026.

ComponentDescriptionStandard applied
Control-plane APIAccount, authentication, subscription, device and client configuration servicesASVS 5.0, Level 1–2
Web portalcolitu.com, the user account area and the help centreASVS 5.0, Level 1–2
Administration interfaceThe management application used by authorised staffASVS 5.0, Level 1–2
AI-assisted assistantsSite chatbot, customer support assistant and team operations assistantASVS 5.0; OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications 2025
Business consoleCompany accounts, member and seat managementASVS 5.0, Level 1–2
Support and e-mail channelSupport tickets, inbound e-mail processing, campaign and invitation flowsASVS 5.0, Level 1–2
Community botsDiscord and Telegram community botsASVS 5.0, V8, V13 and V14
Hosting configurationReverse proxy, TLS and container configurationASVS 5.0, V12 and V13
Browser extensionChrome, Firefox and Edge extension (Manifest V3)ASVS 5.0, V3 and V14
Android appThe Colitu Android clientMASVS v2.1, MASTG
iOS appThe Colitu iOS client and network extensionMASVS v2.1, MASTG

Areas left out of scope: the Windows and Linux desktop apps (subject to separate assessments), the VPN server infrastructure, the systems of third-party payment and AI providers, physical security and social engineering.

3Method and limitations

The following methods were applied in the assessment:

  • Manual and tool-assisted static review of the source code against the ASVS verification requirements, the MASTG test cases and the OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications 2025.
  • A checklist for each of the 253 requirements at ASVS 5.0 Level 1 and Level 2, evidenced by source code locations (Appendix A).
  • Scanning of dependencies for known vulnerabilities (govulncheck for Go, npm audit for JavaScript).
  • Configuration review: security headers, content security policy, TLS, cross-origin resource sharing (CORS), container privileges and mobile platform manifests.
  • Independent re-verification of the findings in a second review round; false positives were removed and severities were set on the basis of this round.

Limitations:

  • No dynamic testing (DAST) or penetration testing was performed against live systems.
  • The mobile apps were not dynamically tested on a device.
  • This work is an internal assessment carried out by Colitu; it is not a substitute for an independent third-party audit or certification.

4Rating criteria

SeverityDefinition
CriticalA vulnerability that can be exploited remotely without authentication and could lead to a wide-scale compromise of the system or of user data
HighA vulnerability that, with limited prerequisites, could significantly affect the integrity of accounts, data or the service
MediumA vulnerability of limited impact whose exploitation requires specific conditions, access or privileges
LowA lack of defence in depth; difficult to exploit on its own or of low impact
InformationalA good-practice recommendation that does not pose a direct risk
Compliance levelDefinition
MetThere are no open findings for the relevant requirements
Largely metThere are only open findings of low or informational severity
Partially metThere is at least one open finding of medium severity
Not metThere is an open finding of high or critical severity
Not applicableThe relevant function does not exist in the service

5OWASP ASVS 5.0 compliance assessment

The 253 requirements at ASVS 5.0 Level 1 and Level 2 were assessed individually. The table below shows the results by chapter; the status at requirement level is in Appendix A.

ChapterMetPartialNot metNot applicableNot verified
V1 Encoding and Sanitization182070
V2 Validation and Business Logic82100
V3 Web Frontend Security152110
V4 API and Web Service12061
V5 File Handling52110
V6 Authentication227240
V7 Session Management87030
V8 Authorization42100
V9 Self-contained Tokens60010
V10 OAuth and OIDC510230
V11 Cryptography104000
V12 Secure Communication72000
V13 Configuration74002
V14 Data Protection54000
V15 Secure Coding and Architecture84100
V16 Security Logging and Error Handling96001
V17 WebRTC00070
Total138517534

V10 is largely not applicable because the service acts only as a server-to-server service-account client, and V17 because WebRTC is not used at all. The “Partial” status also covers cases where the requirement is essentially met but a supplementary element (documentation, logging, a limit value, etc.) is missing.

6OWASP MASVS v2.1 compliance assessment

The Android and iOS apps were assessed against the eight control groups of MASVS v2.1, on the basis of the MASTG test cases.

Control groupAndroidiOSRationale
MASVS-STORAGELargely metLargely metCredentials are protected in the platform key store (Android Keystore, iOS Keychain); app data is excluded from backups. Low and informational findings that require physical access are open.
MASVS-CRYPTOMetMetAES-GCM, random initialisation vector and context binding; no weak algorithms are used.
MASVS-AUTHMetMetProtection against token refresh races; location mismatch warning when binding a device.
MASVS-NETWORKLargely metLargely metTLS only; root certificate pinning; certificate authorities installed by the user are not trusted. An informational finding on managing the pinning lifetime is open.
MASVS-PLATFORMMetLargely metExported components are kept to a minimum; sensitive screens are protected against screenshots. One low finding is open on iOS.
MASVS-CODEMetMetIn-app updates are verified with a signed manifest and signing certificate matching; WebView is not used.
MASVS-RESILIENCENot applied (deliberate choice)Not applied (deliberate choice)Reverse-engineering protection was not considered necessary for an open-source VPN client.
MASVS-PRIVACYLargely metLargely metDiagnostic data is masked on the device and described in the privacy policy. In-app user notification for diagnostic reports sent with a support request is in the remediation plan (low).

7Summary of open findings

As of the report date there are 23 open findings; there are no open findings of critical, high or medium severity. Of the 4 low-severity findings, fixes for 3 are ready and being rolled out (the database access role, export of security logs off the server, and virus scanning of attachments). One, the possibility of inflating anonymous app statistics, has been closed with a documented risk acceptance because it contains no personal data and affects only the accuracy of statistics.

AreaCriticalHighMediumLowInformational
Control-plane API, web and hosting configuration000310
AI-assisted assistants00000
Business console, support, e-mail and community bots00013
Mobile apps (Android and iOS)00006
Total000419

For the safety of our users, the technical details of open findings are not included in this public edition. The findings have been added to the remediation plan with the following target timelines:

SeverityTarget remediation time
Medium30 days
Low90 days
InformationalBy the next assessment period

8Verified security controls

During the assessment, the following controls were verified as implemented in the source code.

AreaVerified control
Password securityPassword hashing with Argon2id; checking against known breach databases; rate limiting based on failed sign-ins
Multi-factor authenticationSupport for TOTP (with code replay prevention) and passkeys (WebAuthn)
Sessions and tokensShort-lived access tokens; rotated refresh tokens, with the whole family revoked on reuse; HttpOnly, Secure and SameSite=Strict cookies
Web securityNonce-based content security policy; HSTS; framing protection; CSRF token and origin validation; open redirect protection
Data accessFully parameterised database queries; role-based administration authorisation and audit logging
Data minimisationSensitive identifiers stored as keyed hashes; automatic retention rules
Software supply chainDependency scanning; signed app updates; reproducible builds for Android and Windows
Mobile clientsCredentials in the platform key store; encrypted local storage excluded from backups; root certificate pinning; per-connection credentials for local proxy connections
InfrastructureUnprivileged, read-only containers; data services restricted to the internal network; network-level restriction of administrative access
AI assistantsState-changing actions require human approval and are single-use; customer-facing assistants have no tool access; account information goes only to the authenticated user themselves; model output is escaped when displayed
Business consoleThe tenant identifier is derived from the session, not the request, and enforced in every query; invitation and setup tokens are 256-bit, single-use and time-limited; there is no privilege escalation path
Support channelTickets are restricted to their owner; content type checks, size limits and sandboxed serving for attachments; protection against e-mail header injection

9Conclusion and statement

There are no open findings of critical, high or medium severity in the components assessed. The OWASP ASVS 5.0 Level 2 requirements are met to a significant extent, but full compliance requires improvements in documentation, security logging and hardening. Under OWASP MASVS v2.1, the mobile apps meet the critical control groups. The open findings will be resolved according to the timeline above.

This report does not include findings that were identified during the assessment and resolved before the report date. The assessment is repeated periodically; each new report replaces the previous one.

AAppendix A — OWASP ASVS 5.0 Level 1–2 checklist

Each of the 253 requirements at Level 1 and Level 2 was assessed individually. The evidence (source code locations) is kept in internal records. The subsection names are the original English names from ASVS.

Show 253 requirements
RequirementLevelSubsectionStatus
V1.1.12Encoding and Sanitization ArchitecturePartial
V1.1.22Encoding and Sanitization ArchitectureMet
V1.2.11Injection PreventionMet
V1.2.21Injection PreventionPartial
V1.2.31Injection PreventionMet
V1.2.41Injection PreventionMet
V1.2.51Injection PreventionMet
V1.2.62Injection PreventionNot applicable
V1.2.72Injection PreventionNot applicable
V1.2.82Injection PreventionNot applicable
V1.2.92Injection PreventionMet
V1.3.11SanitizationNot applicable
V1.3.21SanitizationMet
V1.3.32SanitizationMet
V1.3.42SanitizationMet
V1.3.52SanitizationMet
V1.3.62SanitizationMet
V1.3.72SanitizationMet
V1.3.82SanitizationNot applicable
V1.3.92SanitizationNot applicable
V1.3.102SanitizationMet
V1.3.112SanitizationMet
V1.4.12Memory, String, and Unmanaged CodeMet
V1.4.22Memory, String, and Unmanaged CodeMet
V1.4.32Memory, String, and Unmanaged CodeMet
V1.5.11Safe DeserializationNot applicable
V1.5.22Safe DeserializationMet
V2.1.11Validation and Business Logic DocumentationPartial
V2.1.22Validation and Business Logic DocumentationNot met
V2.1.32Validation and Business Logic DocumentationPartial
V2.2.11Input ValidationMet
V2.2.21Input ValidationMet
V2.2.32Input ValidationMet
V2.3.11Business Logic SecurityMet
V2.3.22Business Logic SecurityMet
V2.3.32Business Logic SecurityMet
V2.3.42Business Logic SecurityMet
V2.4.12Anti-automationMet
V3.2.11Unintended Content InterpretationMet
V3.2.21Unintended Content InterpretationMet
V3.3.11Cookie SetupPartial
V3.3.22Cookie SetupMet
V3.3.32Cookie SetupNot met
V3.3.42Cookie SetupMet
V3.4.11Browser Security Mechanism HeadersMet
V3.4.21Browser Security Mechanism HeadersMet
V3.4.32Browser Security Mechanism HeadersMet
V3.4.42Browser Security Mechanism HeadersMet
V3.4.52Browser Security Mechanism HeadersMet
V3.4.62Browser Security Mechanism HeadersMet
V3.5.11Browser Origin SeparationMet
V3.5.21Browser Origin SeparationMet
V3.5.31Browser Origin SeparationMet
V3.5.42Browser Origin SeparationPartial
V3.5.52Browser Origin SeparationNot applicable
V3.7.12Other Browser Security ConsiderationsMet
V3.7.22Other Browser Security ConsiderationsMet
V4.1.11Generic Web Service SecurityPartial
V4.1.22Generic Web Service SecurityMet
V4.1.32Generic Web Service SecurityPartial
V4.2.12HTTP Message Structure ValidationNot verified
V4.3.12GraphQLNot applicable
V4.3.22GraphQLNot applicable
V4.4.11WebSocketNot applicable
V4.4.22WebSocketNot applicable
V4.4.32WebSocketNot applicable
V4.4.42WebSocketNot applicable
V5.1.12File Handling DocumentationNot met
V5.2.11File Upload and ContentMet
V5.2.21File Upload and ContentPartial
V5.2.32File Upload and ContentNot applicable
V5.3.11File StorageMet
V5.3.21File StorageMet
V5.4.12File DownloadMet
V5.4.22File DownloadMet
V5.4.32File DownloadPartial
V6.1.11Authentication DocumentationPartial
V6.1.22Authentication DocumentationNot met
V6.1.32Authentication DocumentationPartial
V6.2.11Password SecurityPartial
V6.2.21Password SecurityMet
V6.2.31Password SecurityMet
V6.2.41Password SecurityMet
V6.2.51Password SecurityMet
V6.2.61Password SecurityMet
V6.2.71Password SecurityMet
V6.2.81Password SecurityMet
V6.2.92Password SecurityMet
V6.2.102Password SecurityMet
V6.2.112Password SecurityNot met
V6.2.122Password SecurityMet
V6.3.11General Authentication SecurityMet
V6.3.21General Authentication SecurityMet
V6.3.32General Authentication SecurityPartial
V6.3.42General Authentication SecurityMet
V6.4.11Authentication Factor Lifecycle and RecoveryPartial
V6.4.21Authentication Factor Lifecycle and RecoveryMet
V6.4.32Authentication Factor Lifecycle and RecoveryMet
V6.4.42Authentication Factor Lifecycle and RecoveryPartial
V6.5.12General Multi-factor authentication requirementsMet
V6.5.22General Multi-factor authentication requirementsMet
V6.5.32General Multi-factor authentication requirementsMet
V6.5.42General Multi-factor authentication requirementsMet
V6.5.52General Multi-factor authentication requirementsPartial
V6.6.12Out-of-Band authentication mechanismsNot applicable
V6.6.22Out-of-Band authentication mechanismsMet
V6.6.32Out-of-Band authentication mechanismsMet
V6.8.12Authentication with an Identity ProviderNot applicable
V6.8.22Authentication with an Identity ProviderMet
V6.8.32Authentication with an Identity ProviderNot applicable
V6.8.42Authentication with an Identity ProviderNot applicable
V7.1.12Session Management DocumentationPartial
V7.1.22Session Management DocumentationPartial
V7.1.32Session Management DocumentationNot applicable
V7.2.11Fundamental Session Management SecurityMet
V7.2.21Fundamental Session Management SecurityMet
V7.2.31Fundamental Session Management SecurityMet
V7.2.41Fundamental Session Management SecurityPartial
V7.3.12Session TimeoutPartial
V7.3.22Session TimeoutMet
V7.4.11Session TerminationPartial
V7.4.21Session TerminationMet
V7.4.32Session TerminationPartial
V7.4.42Session TerminationMet
V7.4.52Session TerminationMet
V7.5.12Defenses Against Session AbuseMet
V7.5.22Defenses Against Session AbusePartial
V7.6.12Federated Re-authenticationNot applicable
V7.6.22Federated Re-authenticationNot applicable
V8.1.11Authorization DocumentationMet
V8.1.22Authorization DocumentationNot met
V8.2.11General Authorization DesignPartial
V8.2.21General Authorization DesignMet
V8.2.32General Authorization DesignPartial
V8.3.11Operation Level AuthorizationMet
V8.4.12Other Authorization ConsiderationsMet
V9.1.11Token source and integrityMet
V9.1.21Token source and integrityMet
V9.1.31Token source and integrityMet
V9.2.11Token contentMet
V9.2.22Token contentMet
V9.2.32Token contentMet
V9.2.42Token contentNot applicable
V10.1.12Generic OAuth and OIDC SecurityMet
V10.1.22Generic OAuth and OIDC SecurityNot applicable
V10.2.12OAuth ClientNot applicable
V10.2.22OAuth ClientNot applicable
V10.3.12OAuth Resource ServerMet
V10.3.22OAuth Resource ServerNot applicable
V10.3.32OAuth Resource ServerMet
V10.3.42OAuth Resource ServerNot applicable
V10.4.11OAuth Authorization ServerNot applicable
V10.4.21OAuth Authorization ServerNot applicable
V10.4.31OAuth Authorization ServerNot applicable
V10.4.41OAuth Authorization ServerNot applicable
V10.4.51OAuth Authorization ServerMet
V10.4.62OAuth Authorization ServerNot applicable
V10.4.72OAuth Authorization ServerNot applicable
V10.4.82OAuth Authorization ServerPartial
V10.4.92OAuth Authorization ServerMet
V10.4.102OAuth Authorization ServerNot applicable
V10.4.112OAuth Authorization ServerNot applicable
V10.5.12OIDC ClientNot applicable
V10.5.22OIDC ClientNot applicable
V10.5.32OIDC ClientNot applicable
V10.5.42OIDC ClientNot applicable
V10.5.52OIDC ClientNot applicable
V10.6.12OpenID ProviderNot applicable
V10.6.22OpenID ProviderNot applicable
V10.7.12Consent ManagementNot applicable
V10.7.22Consent ManagementNot applicable
V10.7.32Consent ManagementNot applicable
V11.1.12Cryptographic Inventory and DocumentationPartial
V11.1.22Cryptographic Inventory and DocumentationPartial
V11.2.12Secure Cryptography ImplementationMet
V11.2.22Secure Cryptography ImplementationPartial
V11.2.32Secure Cryptography ImplementationMet
V11.3.11Encryption AlgorithmsMet
V11.3.21Encryption AlgorithmsMet
V11.3.32Encryption AlgorithmsMet
V11.4.11Hashing and Hash-based FunctionsMet
V11.4.22Hashing and Hash-based FunctionsMet
V11.4.32Hashing and Hash-based FunctionsMet
V11.4.42Hashing and Hash-based FunctionsMet
V11.5.12Random ValuesPartial
V11.6.12Public Key CryptographyMet
V12.1.11General TLS Security GuidanceMet
V12.1.22General TLS Security GuidanceMet
V12.1.32General TLS Security GuidanceMet
V12.2.11HTTPS Communication with External Facing ServicesMet
V12.2.21HTTPS Communication with External Facing ServicesMet
V12.3.12General Service to Service Communication SecurityPartial
V12.3.22General Service to Service Communication SecurityMet
V12.3.32General Service to Service Communication SecurityPartial
V12.3.42General Service to Service Communication SecurityMet
V13.1.12Configuration DocumentationPartial
V13.2.12Backend Communication ConfigurationMet
V13.2.22Backend Communication ConfigurationPartial
V13.2.32Backend Communication ConfigurationMet
V13.2.42Backend Communication ConfigurationPartial
V13.2.52Backend Communication ConfigurationNot verified
V13.3.12Secret ManagementPartial
V13.3.22Secret ManagementMet
V13.4.11Unintended Information LeakageMet
V13.4.22Unintended Information LeakageMet
V13.4.32Unintended Information LeakageMet
V13.4.42Unintended Information LeakageNot verified
V13.4.52Unintended Information LeakageMet
V14.1.12Data Protection DocumentationMet
V14.1.22Data Protection DocumentationPartial
V14.2.11General Data ProtectionPartial
V14.2.22General Data ProtectionMet
V14.2.32General Data ProtectionMet
V14.2.42General Data ProtectionMet
V14.3.11Client-side Data ProtectionPartial
V14.3.22Client-side Data ProtectionMet
V14.3.32Client-side Data ProtectionPartial
V15.1.11Secure Coding and Architecture DocumentationNot met
V15.1.22Secure Coding and Architecture DocumentationPartial
V15.1.32Secure Coding and Architecture DocumentationPartial
V15.2.11Security Architecture and DependenciesMet
V15.2.22Security Architecture and DependenciesMet
V15.2.32Security Architecture and DependenciesMet
V15.3.11Defensive CodingMet
V15.3.22Defensive CodingPartial
V15.3.32Defensive CodingMet
V15.3.42Defensive CodingPartial
V15.3.52Defensive CodingMet
V15.3.62Defensive CodingMet
V15.3.72Defensive CodingMet
V16.1.12Security Logging DocumentationPartial
V16.2.12General LoggingPartial
V16.2.22General LoggingNot verified
V16.2.32General LoggingPartial
V16.2.42General LoggingMet
V16.2.52General LoggingMet
V16.3.12Security EventsMet
V16.3.22Security EventsMet
V16.3.32Security EventsPartial
V16.3.42Security EventsMet
V16.4.12Log ProtectionMet
V16.4.22Log ProtectionPartial
V16.4.32Log ProtectionPartial
V16.5.12Error HandlingMet
V16.5.22Error HandlingMet
V16.5.32Error HandlingMet
V17.1.12TURN ServerNot applicable
V17.2.12MediaNot applicable
V17.2.22MediaNot applicable
V17.2.32MediaNot applicable
V17.2.42MediaNot applicable
V17.3.12SignalingNot applicable
V17.3.22SignalingNot applicable

Colitu Security Assessment Report · 25 October 2026 · COLITU LIMITED · security@colitu.com · colitu.com/security-assessment